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Testing is an essential part of modern software development, and helps you resolve many development snafus. Without a proper testing system in place, you can never be confident that your system is bug free. With a good testing system in place, you might only be 99 percent bug free, but it s a significant improvement. Previously, we ve looked at how to handle explicit errors, but sometimes your programs might perform oddly in certain situations. For example, certain data might cause an algorithm to return an incorrect result, or invalid data might be produced that, although invalid, does not result in an explicit error. One way to resolve these problems is to debug your code, as you ve seen, but debugging only solves one problem at a time. It s possible to debug your code to solve one problem, but create many others! Therefore, debugging alone has become viewed as a poor method of resolving bugs, and testing the overall functionality of code has become important. In the past, users and developers might have performed testing manually by performing certain actions and seeing what happens. If an error occurs, the bug in question is fixed and testing continues. Indeed, there was a time when it was it commonplace solely to use user feedback as a testing mechanism! However, things have changed quickly with the rapidly growing popularity of testdriven development (also often known as test-first development), a new philosophy that turns software development practices on their head. Ruby developers have been at the forefront of promoting and encouraging this technique.

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Test-driven development is a technique where developers create a set of tests for a system to pass before coding the system itself, and then rigidly use these tests to maintain the integrity of the code. In a lighter form, however, it can also refer to the technique of implementing tests for any code, even if you don t necessarily create the tests before the code you re testing.

Note This section provides only a basic overview of test-driven development. The topic is vast, and many

) Well, I ve given you a whole bag of tricks in this section that should help you solve that problem, but basically you need to put the backslash in a separate string A simple way of doing that is the following: >>> print r'C:\Program Files\foo\bar' '\\' C:\Program Files\foo\bar\ Note that you can use both single and double quotes with raw strings Even triple-quoted strings can be raw..

For example, you might add a simple method to String that s designed to capitalize text into titles:

The Role statement in the story template af rms, But unsolved problems keep sending us back to the starting line, which plays out on the Role slide as the sketch of a stopwatch set to 0 minutes to indicate the beginning of the race (upper right). The Point A statement carries the motif further and engages the audience by visually describing A few key hurdles stand in our way with sketches of hurdles on the Point A slide (lower left). On the Point B slide (lower right), a runner is shown on the right in the slide, past the same hurdles and the nish line, to visually illustrate the headline We can reach the nish line if we can overcome them.

Your intention is to create a method that can turn this is a test into This Is A Test ; that is, a method that makes strings look as if they re titles. titleize, therefore, capitalizes the current string with the capitalize method. If you re in a rush or not bothering to test your code, disaster will soon strike when the code is released into the wild. capitalize only capitalizes the first letter of a string, not the whole string!

"This is a test"

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When supplying a namespace for exec or eval, you can also put some values in before actually using the namespace: >>> >>> >>> >>> 6 scope = {} scope['x'] = 2 scope['y'] = 3 eval('x * y', scope) In the same way, a scope from one exec or eval call can be used again in another one: >>> scope = {} >>> exec 'x = 2' in scope >>> eval('x*x', scope) 4 Actually, exec and eval are not used all that often, but they can be nice tools to keep in your back pocket (figuratively, of course).

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